ABSTRACT
Obesity and its complications, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver, are serious global public health problems. Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) can reduce the length and width of the stomach by simulating the anatomical structure of surgical sleeve gastrectomy to reduce the capacity of the stomach, and is safe and effective to reduce weight. ESG has the advantages of non- invasiveness, no gastrectomy, repeatability, simple operation, no incision scar, few complications, short hospital stay and quick postoperative recovery. As an intermediate means of medical treatment and surgery, ESG provides a new method for weight loss for obese patients who cannot tolerate or are unwilling to undergo surgery. Herein we trace the origin of ESG, analyze the unique advantages of ESG suture, explore the technical improvement in the development of ESG, and briefly describe the weight reduction effect of ESG and compare the curative effect of ESG with laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. ESG has undergone rapid development and maturity but also faces such challenges as the lack of established standard procedures, unclear weight reduction mechanism, and clarification of the indications for operation. Still, ESG is expected to become the mainstream technique for weight reduction.
Subject(s)
Humans , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Gastrectomy , Gastroplasty , Laparoscopy , Obesity, Morbid , Treatment Outcome , Weight LossABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective method to ameliorate co-morbidities as consequence of morbidly obese patients with BMI over 35 kg/m2. Endoscopic techniques have been developed to treat patients with mild obesity and ameliorate comorbidities, but endoscopic skills are needed, beside the costs of the devices. Aim: To report a new technique for internal gastric plication using an intragastric single port device in an experimental swine model. Methods: Twenty experiments using fresh pig cadaver stomachs in a laparoscopic trainer were performed. The procedure was performed as follow in ten pigs: 1) volume measure; 2) insufflation of the stomach with CO2; 3) extroversion of the stomach through the simulator and installation of the single port device (Gelpoint Applied Mini) through a gastrotomy close to the pylorus; 4) performance of four intragastric handsewn 4-point sutures with Prolene 2-0, from the gastric fundus to the antrum; 5) after the performance, the residual volume was measured. Sleeve gastrectomy was also performed in further ten pigs and pre- and post-procedure gastric volume were measured. Results: The internal gastric plication technique was performed successfully in the ten swine experiments. The mean procedure time was 27±4 min. It produced a reduction of gastric volume of a mean of 51%, and sleeve gastrectomy, a mean of 90% in this swine model. Conclusion: The internal gastric plication technique using an intragastric single port device required few skills to perform, had low operative time and achieved good reduction (51%) of gastric volume in an in vitro experimental model.
RESUMO Racional: A cirurgia bariátrica é atualmente o método mais efetivo para melhorar as co-morbidades decorrentes da obesidade mórbida com IMC acima de 35 kg/m2. Técnicas endoscópicas foram desenvolvidas para tratar pacientes com obesidade leve e melhorar as comorbidades, mas habilidades endoscópicas são necessárias, além dos custos. Objetivo: Relatar uma nova técnica para a plicatura gástrica interna utilizando um dispositivo intragástrico de portal único em modelo experimental de suínos. Métodos: Foram realizados 20 experimentos utilizando estômagos de cadáver de porco fresco em um instrutor laparoscópico. O procedimento foi realizado da seguinte forma em dez porcos: 1) medida de volume; 2) insuflação do estômago com CO2; 3) extroversão do estômago através do simulador e instalação do dispositivo de uma única via (Gelpoint Applied Mini) através de uma gastrotomia próxima ao piloro; 4) realização de quatro suturas de quatro pontos intra-gástricas com Prolene 2-0, desde o fundo gástrico até o antro; 5) medição do volume residual. A gastrectomia vertical foi também realizada em mais dez suínos e o volume gástrico pré e pós-procedimento foi medido. Resultados: A técnica de plicatura gástrica interna foi realizada com sucesso nos dez experimentos com suínos. O tempo médio do procedimento foi de 27±4 min. Produziu redução do volume gástrico em média de 51%, e a gastrectomia vertical em média de 90% neste modelo suíno. Conclusão: A técnica de plicatura gástrica interna, utilizando um dispositivo intragástrico de uma única via, exigiu poucas habilidades para ser realizada, teve baixo tempo operatório e obteve boa redução (51%) do volume gástrico em um modelo experimental in vitro.
Subject(s)
Animals , Obesity, Morbid/surgery , Gastroplasty/methods , Swine , Gastroplasty/instrumentation , Models, TheoreticalABSTRACT
Obesity is a growing pandemic across the world. Dietary restrictions and behavior modifications alone have a limited benefit. Bariatric surgery, despite being the current gold standard, has limited acceptance by patients due to cost and associated morbidity. In our review, we have discussed nine original studies describing endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG). A total of 172 subjects successfully underwent ESG. Of 65 subjects with follow up data, 95.4% (62/65) had intact gastric sleeve confirmed via esophagogastroduodenoscopy or oral contrast study at the end of study specific follow up interval (the longest being 6 months). Individual studies reported a technical success rate for intact gastric sleeve from as low as 50% to as high as 100%. A statistically significant p < 0.05) weight loss was reported in seven of the eight studies with available data. None of the patients experienced any intra-procedure complications, and approximately 2.3% (4/172) of patients experienced major post-procedure complications; however, no mortality was reported. Majority of the studies reported relatively high incidence of minor post-procedure complications, which improved with symptomatic treatment alone. Good patient tolerance with comparable clinical efficacy in achieving and sustaining desired weight loss makes ESG an attractive option to consider among other bariatric therapies.
Subject(s)
Humans , Bariatric Surgery , Behavior Therapy , Body Mass Index , Endoscopy, Digestive System , Follow-Up Studies , Gastroplasty , Incidence , Mortality , Obesity , Pandemics , Treatment Outcome , Weight LossABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: Less invasive and complex procedures have been developed to treat obesity. The successful use of Endoscopic Sleeve Gastroplasty using OverStitch(r) (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, Texas, USA) has been reported in the literature. Aim: Present technical details of the procedure and its surgical/ endoscopic preliminary outcome. Method: The device was used to perform plications along the greater curvature of the stomach, creating a tubulization similar to a sleeve gastrectomy. Result: A male patient with a BMI of 35.17 kg/m2 underwent the procedure, with successful achievement of four plications, and preservation of gastric fundus. The procedure was successfully performed in 50 minutes, time without bleeding or other complications. The patient presented mild abdominal pain and good acceptance of liquid diet. Conclusions: The endoscopic gastroplasty procedure was safe, with acceptable technical viability, short in duration and without early complications.
RESUMO Racional: Procedimentos menos invasivos e complexos têm sido desenvolvidos para o tratamento da obesidade. A gastroplastia vertical endoscópica com uso de OverStitch(r) (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, TX, EUA) já foi relatada com sucesso na literatura. Objetivo: Apresentar detalhes técnicos do procedimento e seu resultado cirúrgico/endoscópico preliminar. Método: O equipamento foi utilizado para realizar plicaturas ao longo da grande curvatura gástrica, objetivando tubulização do estômago semelhante a gastrectomia vertical. Resultado: O método foi aplicado em paciente com IMC 35,17 kg/m2, sendo realizadas quatro plicaturas, preservando o fundo gástrico. O procedimento foi realizado com sucesso em 50 min, sem sangramento ou outras complicações. O paciente evoluiu com dor abdominal leve, e teve boa aceitação de dieta líquida. Conclusão: A realização da gastroplastia endoscópica foi segura, com viabilidade técnica aceitável e reprodutível, com curto tempo de procedimento, sem complicações precoces.